Loading profile. Please wait . . .
Elliptio spinosa (I. Lea, 1836)
Altamaha Spinymussel
Federal Protection: Listed Endangered
State Protection: Endangered
Global Rank: G1G2
State Rank: S1
Element Locations Tracked in Biotics: Yes
SWAP 2015 Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN): Yes
SWAP 2025 Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN): Yes
2025 SGCN Priority Tier: Highest Conservation Concern
Element Occurrences (EOs) in Georgia: 10
Habitat Summary for element in Georgia: Large Rivers in firm sand substrate; good flow
Shell sub-triangular in outline with rounded anterior margin and pointed posterior margin. Ventral margin broadly rounded. Posterior ridge sharply angular and umbos slightly elevated and positioned just anterior to the middle of the shell. Periostracum typically green to brown with faint green rays. Left valve with two pseudocardinal teeth and straight lateral teeth. Right valve with two pseudocardinal teeth, of which the anterior tooth is triangular and serrated. One lateral tooth present in right valve. Beak cavity moderately deep and nacre is typically purple. Often found with 1 - 4 spines located near the posterior ridge. Spines are typically eroded or broken in larger individuals while younger individuals may have spines over 25 mm (1 inch) long.
Spineless Altamaha Spinymussels can look quite similar to the Georgia Elephantear (Elliptio dariensis). However, the Altamaha Spinymussel typically has a rounded ventral margin where as the Georgia elephantear tends to be straight. Occasionally, individuals may exhibit erosion of the periostracum and shell where spines were once present.
Typically found buried in sandbars with swift water current. Altamaha Spinymussels are found most often in coarse to fine sand. The Altamaha Spinymussel was found to have very restricted habitat preference and might be most affected by siltation. The Altamaha Spinymussel is sometimes found in the sloughs that occasionally form between an exposed sandbar and the bank. Surveys completed during 2006 and 2007 suggest that this species often occupies fine, hard-packed sand with rather swift current near gently sloping, soft banks.
The diets of unionids are poorly understood but are believed to consist of algae and/or bacteria. Some studies suggest that diets may change throughout the life of a unionid with juveniles collecting organic materials from the substrate though pedal feeding and then developing the ability to filter feed during adulthood (Vaughn and Hakenkamp 2001).
Life history information for Altamaha Spinymussel is lacking. Gravid individuals have been collected in early June. However, this is likely the extreme end of their brooding period.
Surveyors should consider sampling during periods when female individuals are spawning or brooding as this species may have higher detection rates during this period. However, since basic life history information for many of Georgia’s unionids is lacking, sampling during periods when closely related species are spawning or brooding may increase probability of detection.
The Altamaha Spinymussel is endemic to the Altamaha River Basin. The upstream extent of its range is near the confluence of House Creek with the Ocmulgee River, Ben Hill County. In addition, the Altamaha Spinymussel has been found at several sites in the lower Ohoopee River. In 1964, H.D. Athearn collected 18 whole shells from the Oconee River near Mt. Vernon, GA, which appears to be the upstream extent of its known distribution in the Oconee River. Despite intensive survey efforts since 2000, few Altamaha spinymussels have been found at very few locations (Stringfellow and Gagnon 2001; Wisniewski et al. 2005; Meador et al. 2011). As a result, it appears that this species is declining rapidly throughout the basin and may be extirpated from the Oconee River and Ohoopee River. The main stem of the upper Altamaha, lower Ocmulgee and Ohoopee Rivers in Appling, Ben Hill, Coffee, Jeff Davis, Long, Montgomery, Tattnall, Telfair, Toombs, Wayne, and Wheeler Counties was designated as critical habitat for the species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
Excess sedimentation due to inadequate riparian buffer zones covers suitable habitat and could potentially bury mussels. Due to destabilization of the sand in some parts of the Altamaha River system, mussels that spend most of their time in the sand may be impacted negatively. This appears to be particularly true in the Ohoopee River. Direct and indirect competition by the introduced Flathead Catfish and Blue Catfish may be reducing native mussel populations through direct consumption of mussels and their host fishes. The glochidial host fish(es) for this species is unknown. All terrain vehicles may also impact this species within the Ohoopee River.
| Threat 1 | Threat 2 | Threat 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| General Threat | Agriculture & aquaculture | Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases | Climate change & severe weather |
| Specific Threat | None | Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases | Habitat shifting & alteration |
The Altamaha Spinymussel occurs in the Altamaha River along several Wildlife Management Areas including Griffin Ridge WMA, Big Hammock WMA, Moody Forest WMA, Bullard Creek WMA, and Horse Creek WMA on the Ocmulgee River. Unlike terrestrial species, the occurrence of an aquatic species on state or federal lands may not eliminate habitat degradation due to the influences of upstream and downstream disturbances.
Examination of the basic life history was identified as a top research priority needed for the conservation of this species in the Georgia State Wildlife Action Plan. Understanding the basic life history of this species will provide the foundation upon which all other research and conservation actions should be built. Riparian buffers should be protected to avoid unnecessary bank erosion as this species often is found in shallow areas near the water’s edge. Minimizing impacts of all terrain vehicles near waterways will also prevent crushing individuals of this species and other mollusks occupying edge water habitats.
Johnson, R.I. 1970. The systematics and zoogeography of the Unionidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of the southern Atlantic Slope region. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 140: 263-449.
Johnson, P.D., S.F. Novak, and A.E. Bogan. 2008. Electronic database of the Museum of Fluviatile Mollusks. Submitted to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Cookeville, Tennessee. 16 pp.
Keferl, Eugene P. 1981. A survey of the naiads of the Ohoopee River, Georgia. The Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc. 11-15.
Keferl, Eugene P. 1993. The status of freshwater mussels in some Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina waters. In K.J. Hatcher (ed.), Proceedings of the Georgia Water Resources Conference, Institute of Ecology, The University of Georgia, Athens.
Meador, J.R., J.T. Peterson, and J.M. Wisniewski. 2011. An evaluation of the factors influencing freshwater mussels capture probability, survival, and temporary emigration in a large lowland river. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 30:507-521.
Sickel, James B. 1980. Correlation of Unionid mussels with bottom sediment composition in the Altamaha River, Georgia. The Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc. 10-13.
Stringfellow, C., and P. Gagnon. 2001. Final report of the Altamaha spinymussel survey in the lower Ohoopee River. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 10 pp.
Vaughn C.C. and C.C. Hakenkamp. 2001. The functional role of burrowing bivalves in freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater Biology 46: 1431-1446.
Wisniewski, J.M., B. Albanese, and G. Krakow. 2005. Current status of endemic mussels in the lower Ocmulgee and Altamaha Rivers. In K.J. Hatcher (ed.), Proceedings of the Georgia Water Resources Conference, Institute of Ecology, The University of Georgia, Athens.
Jason Wisniewski
2018-03-16
